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Nicolaus Copernicus Monument, Toruń
The Nicolaus Copernicus Monument in the home town of astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) was erected in 1853 by a "monument committee" of the city's residents.
==Original plans==
King Frederick the Great of Prussia (1712–1786) intended〔"''... beabsichtigte Friedrich der Grosse über dem Grabe von Coppernicus zu Frauenburg ein Denkmal zu errichten.''" – Leopold Prowe, ''Nicolaus Coppernicus'', volume 1, part 1, Wiedmannsche Buchhandlung, 1883 ()〕 to erect a monument at Copernicus' grave in Frauenburg (Frombork), but the grave could not be located.
Astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) lived in Thorn (Toruń), then in the Kingdom of Poland, for many years. In the late 18th century, Poland was partitioned and the city of Thorn passed to Prussia. From 1807 to 1813, the city was part of the Duchy of Warsaw, governed by Frederick Augustus I of Saxony. A monument to Copernicus was then planned by the Polish scientist and philosopher Stanisław Staszic, after he had heard that Napoleon had expressed surprise during a visit to Thorn in 1807 that there was no monument there to Copernicus. Polish Roman Catholic clergy likewise supported the erection of a monument. In 1809 Napoleon commissioned Bertel Thorvaldsen〔„Nicht selten wird Kopernikus für einen Polen ausgegeben und diese Ansicht ist gewissermassen legalisirt worden, seit ihm zu Warschau ein Standbild errichtet ist mit der Inschrift ''Nicolao Copernico grata patria''. Allein dieses Denkmal liess 1809 Napoleon bei Thorwaldsen bestellen, und zwar ursprünglich für Thorn, es kam aber erst und nicht ohne Kämpfe mit den russischen Behörden 1829 in Warschau zur Aufstellung.“ – Johann Christian Poggendorff: ''Geschichte der Physik'', 1879 (Seite 138 )〕 and on Staszic's initiative, a cornerstone was laid for a monument.〔"''Pomnik Mikołaja Kopernika''" ("Monument to Nicolaus Copernicus"), Official Website of the City of Toruń ()〕 However, at the time, Prussian authorities, who were still nominally in charge of the city, would not approve the full construction of the monument. The fall of Napoleon ended the existence of the Duchy of Warsaw, restoring full control of Thorn to the Prussian authorities and delaying the Thorn monument project and eventually forcing Staszic to change the venue to Warsaw, in the Russian part of Poland, where the monument designed by Bertel Thorvaldsen was completed in 1830.〔Stephen P. Mizwa, ''Nicholas Copernicus 1543–1943'', New York, Kościuszko Foundation, 1943; Kessinger Publishing, 2006, ISBN 1-4286-5458-5, (Print, pp. 49–50. )〕
After the Napoleonic Wars, Thorn was made part of the Kingdom of Prussia, and local German citizens campaigned for and received the go-ahead for the monument that was eventually completed in that city in 1853.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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